Sensei Is Not a Title: Understanding True Karate Ranks and Roles
ByMike Williams
Table of Contents
Reading Time: 21minutes
Quick Overview: What This Article Covers:
The true meaning of terms like Sensei, Senpai, Shihan, and Kyoshi
The difference between a respectful reference and a formal teaching title
How these terms fit into modern karate tradition
Why accurate usage matters for preserving dojo culture and values
In karate, words matter.
They carry not just meaning, but respect. And few terms spark more confusion, or quiet assumptions, than Sensei, Shihan, and Kyoshi. Are these titles? Are they ranks? Do they apply automatically once you earn a black belt? Or are they something deeper?
As a lifelong student and instructor of traditional karate, I’ve often heard these questions from students, beginners, and even other instructors. There’s a lot of misunderstanding around these terms, and it’s easy to see why. They’re often used interchangeably, applied inconsistently, and sometimes taken as status symbols rather than what they were meant to be: expressions of trust, responsibility, and humility.
This article sets the record straight.
You’ll learn the difference between a reference and a formal title, and why understanding that difference is essential to preserving the culture and respect at the heart of karate. We’ll break down what each term means, how it’s used, and — perhaps most importantly — what it’s not.
For context, I’ve been teaching since 1999 and training since 1981. In 2009, I was formally awarded the title of Shihan by the Nippon Karate-Do Kai in Japan. In 2022, I was honoured with the title of Kyoshi — another significant step in my journey. These recognitions were deeply humbling, not because they elevated me, but because they reminded me of the responsibility I carry to those I teach and to those who came before me.
So, whether you’re just beginning your karate journey or you’ve been training for decades, this guide is for you.
Before we can earn respect, we must understand the words we use to express it.
What “Sensei” Really Means in Karate
Let’s begin with the term most commonly heard in the dojo: Sensei (先生).
In Japanese, Sensei means “one who was born before” — combining the characters 先 (sen, before) and 生 (sei, born). At its core, the word refers to someone with experience who has come before you on the path. It’s not unique to martial arts. In Japan, sensei is used for doctors, lawyers, professors, authors, artists, school teachers — anyone seen as a respected guide or authority in their field.
In the dojo, Sensei is often used to refer to a black belt who teaches. That makes sense — they’ve travelled further along the path and are guiding others forward. But here’s what’s essential to understand:
Sensei is not a title or a rank — it’s a term of respect.
It is a relational reference, not something officially awarded or achieved at a certain grade. You are not “promoted” to Sensei. Rather, you are called Sensei by those who see you as their teacher.
This is where some confusion begins. Many believe that earning a black belt automatically makes someone a Sensei. But in reality, you could hold a senior dan rank and never teach — in which case, the term may not apply at all. On the other hand, someone with a brown belt might help guide beginners in class. While they’re offering support, it’s far more appropriate that they be referred to as Senpai — a senior student — rather than Sensei, which implies formal instructional responsibility.
I’d also like to share a personal reflection.
My own teacher is a 9th Dan Hanshi — a highly respected figure in the world of traditional karate. And yet, when I address him in person or in writing, I continue to call him Sensei. Why? Because in my mind, and in my heart, he is my teacher. That word expresses more than formality — it expresses gratitude, respect, and the depth of the student-teacher relationship.
This is not unusual. In fact, it is traditional. Even when someone holds a formal title such as Kyoshi or Hanshi, they are still referred to as Sensei by their students because of that personal connection. It’s a relationship-based term, not a hierarchical label.
The takeaway is simple but powerful:
“Sensei” reflects a relationship of trust and learning, not a certificate on the wall.
Understanding this frees us from assumptions and invites us to focus on what truly matters: the responsibility we carry when someone looks to us for guidance on the path of karate.
Let’s also address something that often goes unspoken — the tendency for instructors to refer to themselves as Sensei. While it’s a widespread practice, particularly outside of Japan, it’s not traditionally correct. In Japanese culture, it would be considered unusual, and even presumptuous, to call oneself Sensei. It’s a designation that comes from others, not from the individual.
When someone introduces themselves as Sensei John or writes Sensei Mike on social media or their business card, it may seem harmless, but it subtly shifts the meaning of the term. Sensei is a reference of respect, not a title of status. It is something bestowed by students in recognition of the teaching relationship — not something a person assumes for themselves.
In other words: you don’t promote yourself to Sensei. Your students do.
This small but important distinction helps maintain humility and reinforces the value of earned respect over assumed authority.
Understanding the Role of Senpai
Another term frequently heard in dojos is Senpai (先輩) — and like Sensei, it reflects experience. But the context is different.
The word Senpai is made up of:
先 (sen) – before.
輩 (pai) – companion, peer, or group member.
So, Senpai literally means “senior companion” or “one who came before within the same group.” In karate, it refers to a senior student — someone who has trained longer or progressed further than you, but who is not necessarily an instructor.
This is an important distinction.
A Senpai is not a formal teaching title, but a position of informal leadership and mentorship within the dojo. Often, Senpai help guide less experienced students (Kohai 後輩), demonstrate techniques, assist in class, or model proper dojo etiquette.
Senpai are role models, not necessarily teachers.
In your early karate journey, it’s often the Senpai, not the Sensei, who corrects your stance, shows you how to tie your belt properly, or encourages you through a tough session. They help maintain the structure and spirit of the dojo, not because they’ve been given a formal title, but because they’ve earned the trust that comes with time, effort, and example.
Here’s where clarity really matters.
Sometimes, students may assume that anyone wearing a black belt is a Sensei, but that’s not always the case. And equally, a brown belt who helps lead warm-ups or assists beginners might be mistakenly called Sensei, when in reality, their role is better understood as Senpai. This doesn’t diminish their contribution; it acknowledges it more accurately.
Both Sensei and Senpai share the kanji 先 (sen), meaning “before.” What sets them apart is function:
Senpai supports through peer leadership.
Sensei leads through formal teaching.
Understanding this distinction helps create a dojo culture rooted in humility, clarity, and mutual respect.
Shihan: A Formal Designation, Not a Self-Claimed Title
While Sensei and Senpai are terms of relationship and experience, Shihan (師範) is different. It is a formal designation — a title that must be granted, not assumed.
The term Shihan combines:
師 (shi) – teacher, instructor.
範 (han) – model, example, standard.
Together, Shihan is often translated as “Master Instructor” or “Model Teacher.” It implies someone who not only teaches but sets the standard for others, especially other instructors.
In traditional karate systems, Shihan is usually associated with those who have achieved 5th Dan and above. However, it is important to note that rank alone does not make someone a Shihan. The title must be formally recognised by an organization, often through the awarding of a Shihan Menkyo (instructor’s license). This distinction is crucial.
Let me share from personal experience.
In 2009, I was formally awarded a Shihan Menkyo by the Nippon Karate-Do Kai in Japan. That moment was not simply about reaching a rank. It was about being entrusted with the responsibility of mentoring others, preserving the standards of our style, and representing the values of traditional karate. Receiving the designation of Shihan was humbling — not because it elevated me, but because it reminded me of my duty to lead by example.
Shihan is not a title you give yourself. It is something bestowed based on years of contribution, leadership, and trust.
Those recognised as Shihan often take on broader roles:
Overseeing curriculum and grading standards
Supporting and mentoring other instructors
Representing their organization at seminars and events
Upholding and transmitting the cultural and ethical foundations of the art
Interestingly, even someone who holds the title of Shihan may still be called Sensei in the dojo. That’s not a sign of disrespect — it reflects the teaching relationship, which always comes first.
But within formal contexts — such as correspondence, seminars, or public recognition — Shihan is the appropriate title to acknowledge their standing.
To summarize:
Shihan is a formal title, not a general reference
It is earned through recognition and contribution, not automatically granted by rank
It carries significant responsibility, both technically and culturally
Kyoshi: The Teacher of Teachers
If Shihan represents a master instructor and model within an organization, then Kyoshi (教士) takes that responsibility even further.
The term Kyoshi combines:
教 (kyō) – to teach or instruct
士 (shi) – person, scholar, or gentleman
Together, Kyoshi is often translated as “Teacher of Teachers” or “Senior Instructor.” But these translations only scratch the surface. In the context of traditional karate, Kyoshi represents a high-level teaching title — not just based on rank, but on depth of understanding, teaching ability, and character.
Kyoshi is not a dan grade. It is a title — and a responsibility — formally bestowed by a recognised governing body.
While Kyoshi is typically awarded to instructors who hold 6th Dan or 7th Dan, rank alone is not enough. The process often requires:
A formal application or nomination
Endorsement from senior leaders
A demonstrated track record of leadership, pedagogy, and ethical conduct
Many years of service to the art
It is not uncommon for organisations to have a structured teaching title system, such as:
Renshi (錬士) – awarded from 4th or 5th Dan
Kyoshi (教士) – typically 6th or 7th Dan
Hanshi (範士) – 8th Dan and above, reserved for the most senior leaders
Each level carries increased expectations — not just technical, but moral and cultural. The title Kyoshi signifies that the practitioner has become a mentor not just to students, but to instructors. It reflects maturity, leadership, and a deep understanding of karate’s traditions and philosophies.
In 2022, I was honoured to be formally recognised as a Kyoshi by the Nippon Karate-Do Kai in Japan. As with Shihan, the recognition was not something I pursued for personal gain. Instead, it marked a stage of my journey where teaching others, particularly those who teach, became central to my role in the karate community.
It also came with a clear message:
Titles are not about authority. They are about service.
In everyday dojo life, I’m still called Sensei by most students — and that’s perfectly appropriate. The term reflects our learning relationship. But in formal contexts, the title Kyoshi recognises a deeper layer of contribution and responsibility within the broader organisation and tradition.
To summarise:
Kyoshi is a high-level teaching title, not a rank
It is formally bestowed, often from 6th Dan and above
It signifies leadership among instructors, as well as mastery in teaching and conduct
It’s about contribution to the art, not personal status.
Historical Note: Where Did These Martial Art Titles Come From?
The use of formal teaching titles such as Renshi, Kyoshi, and Hanshi did not originate in Okinawan karate. These titles were adopted from Japanese budō systems, particularly the classical arts known as koryū bujutsu, and were formalised through the influence of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) — an organisation established in 1895 to standardise and promote traditional martial arts in Japan.
When karate was introduced from Okinawa to mainland Japan in the early 20th century, efforts were made to align it with established Japanese martial arts such as judo and kendo. This included adopting:
A kyu and dan ranking system,
The use of keikogi and obi (uniforms and belts), and
The formal teaching titles of Renshi, Kyoshi, and Hanshi to recognise senior instructors.
The title Shihan, while not part of the original DNBK structure, became widely used in karate and other arts to denote master instructors who serve as examples and mentors for other teachers.
💡Did You Know? The DNBK originally restricted Kyoshi and Hanshi to kendo, jujutsu, and other classical arts. Karate pioneers like Gichin Funakoshi and Kenwa Mabuni were instrumental in establishing karate’s legitimacy within that framework.
This historical context helps us understand that karate’s modern structure is a blend of Okinawan roots and Japanese refinement. Titles, like techniques, are part of a broader cultural evolution, and their meaning must be preserved with care.
Why It Matters: Culture, Clarity, and Character
Understanding the difference between terms like Sensei, Senpai, Shihan, and Kyoshi isn’t just about getting the language right. It’s about preserving something much deeper — the culture and character of traditional karate.
In martial arts, language reflects values. When we misuse terms or assume titles without understanding, we risk undermining the very principles that karate is built upon: humility, respect, responsibility, and self-discipline.
Too often, especially in Western contexts, we see black belts automatically referred to as Sensei the moment they earn their rank. Or instructors adopting titles like Shihan or Kyoshi without formal recognition. While this may not always be intentional, it can dilute the meaning of these terms — and the standards they represent.
Karate is not about chasing titles. It’s about embodying them.
Using these terms correctly helps:
Maintain a respectful and clear dojo hierarchy.
Reinforce that teaching is a responsibility, not a reward.
Prevent ego-driven assumptions about rank and status.
Encourage students to focus on contribution rather than entitlement.
Honour the traditional systems that preserved karate across generations.
When a student understands that calling someone Sensei is about the relationship, and that Shihan or Kyoshi are earned through years of service and recognition, they begin to see karate not just as a physical pursuit, but as a path of growth, mentorship, and legacy.
And when instructors understand this distinction, it keeps them grounded. Titles like Shihan and Kyoshi are not milestones to display — they are reminders of the responsibility to guide others with wisdom, humility, and care.
In a traditional dojo, this understanding shapes the atmosphere. It fosters mutual respect between students and teachers. It reminds us all that no matter our rank, we remain students — always learning, always improving, always in service to something greater than ourselves.
Name First: Respecting Japanese Convention
One common point of confusion — especially in Western dojos — is where to place the respectful terms like Sensei or Shihan when referring to someone. You’ve probably seen people write or say “Sensei Mike” or “Shihan Williams.” While this may feel natural in English, it doesn’t align with traditional Japanese usage.
In Japanese, honorifics and respectful terms typically follow the name, rather than precede it.
✅ Correct: Mike Sensei 🚫 Incorrect: Sensei Mike
✅ Correct: Williams Shihan 🚫 Incorrect: Shihan Williams
This follows the same principle as the use of -san; you wouldn’t say “San Mike,” you’d say “Mike-san.” If you are unfamiliar with Japanese honorifics, san is a gender-neutral and respectfulform of address for both men and women.
Key Takeaways
Before we close, here are the key insights from this article:
Sensei is not a rank or a formal title — it is a relational term used to show respect for someone who teaches and guides using their skills and knowledge.
Senpai refers to a senior student who leads by example and supports junior students, but is not necessarily an instructor.
Shihan is a formal title awarded by a karate organisation to instructors who set the standard and mentor others. It is not earned through rank alone.
Kyoshi is a high-level teaching title, usually awarded from 6th Dan and above, signifying leadership among instructors and mastery of teaching.
These titles were not originally part of Okinawan karate but were introduced through Japanese budō systems and organisations like the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai.
Using the correct terminology strengthens dojo culture, encourages humility, and honours the tradition of karate.
Titles should never be assumed or self-bestowed — they are granted in recognition of service, contribution, and responsibility.
In Japanese, honorifics and respectful terms typically follow the name, rather than precede it.
Conclusion: Choose Language That Honors the Path
In karate, the words we use are not just labels — they are reflections of our mindset, our relationships, and our respect for the path we walk.
Terms like Sensei, Senpai, Shihan, and Kyoshi carry meaning beyond the surface. They tell a story — not of status or ego, but of guidance, responsibility, and tradition. When we use them correctly, we preserve the cultural foundation of karate and reinforce the values that make it more than just a physical art.
“Sensei” is not a badge. It’s a bond. “Shihan” and “Kyoshi” are not decorations. They are duties.
Whether you are a beginner learning to bow properly or a senior instructor mentoring others, the message is the same: Choose language that honours the path, not just the position. Speak with understanding, not assumption. Respect is not something we demand through titles — it’s something we earn through actions.
As karate-ka, we are all part of something greater than ourselves. And every time we say Sensei, or recognise a Senpai, or respectfully address a Shihan or Kyoshi, we are not just speaking — we are preserving a legacy.
Thank you for taking the time to understand this aspect of karate more deeply. If you found this guide helpful, I invite you to share it with your students, your peers, and your dojo community.
FAQ
Q: Is “Sensei” a rank in karate?
A: No. Sensei is not a rank or formal title. It is a respectful term for someone who teaches and guides others, often used regardless of their rank.
Q: Can anyone be called Sensei after getting a black belt?
A: Not necessarily. Being a Sensei depends on whether you’re teaching and guiding students, not just having a black belt.
Q: What’s the difference between Shihan and Kyoshi?
A: Shihan is a title often granted to instructors who mentor other teachers. Kyoshi is a higher-level teaching title recognising deep leadership and pedagogical skill, usually awarded from 6th Dan onward.
Q: What are the physical aspects of a kiai?
A: The physical aspects of a kiai include tightening the core muscles and projecting the sound effectively. A kiai typically consists of single syllables beginning with a vowel to create a strong and resonant shout.
Q: Who gives out titles like Shihan or Kyoshi?
A: These titles are formally bestowed by recognised martial arts organisations or federations, not self-appointed.
Q: Are these titles part of traditional Okinawan karate?
A: No. They were adopted later from Japanese budō systems, particularly through the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, to formalise karate instruction and align with other martial arts.
Q: What should practitioners think about when they want to kiai?
A: Practitioners should focus on channeling their energy and intention into the shout. It’s important to visualise the technique and the impact while using kiai, ensuring that the sound is powerful and aligns with the movement.
Q: How does kiai contribute to the overall effectiveness of a martial artist?
A: Kiai contributes to the overall effectiveness of a martial artist by enhancing focus, power, and confidence. It serves as a means to channel energy during a technique, making each movement more impactful and assertive.d practitioners who excel in both martial arts and life.
Q: What are the common misconceptions about kiai?
A: A common misconception about kiai is that it is merely a loud shout without purpose. In reality, kiai is a vital component of martial arts that requires practice and understanding to be effectively integrated into techniques.
Q: How can someone tell if their kiai is effective?
A: An effective kiai is characterised by its volume, clarity, and timing. A martial artist can tell their kiai is effective if it feels powerful, resonates well, and is well-timed with their movements, often receiving positive feedback from their sensei or peers.
FAQ 💡 More Karate Questions You Might Be Wondering About
Q: What does the term “Sensei” mean in the karate community?
A: In the karate community, “sensei” is a Japanese term that means “teacher” or “instructor”. It is often used to show respect to those who have attained a higher level of proficiency and are guiding students in their martial arts journey.
Q: How is the ranking system structured in karate?
A: The ranking system in karate typically consists of colored belts that signify a student’s level of skill and experience. As practitioners advance through various ranks, they demonstrate increased knowledge of karate techniques and the philosophy behind the art of karate.
Q: Can anyone become a karate instructor?
A: While anyone can aspire to become a karate instructor, it usually requires years of training, experience, and a thorough understanding of the karate styles used in their dojo. Instructors are often expected to have attained at least a black belt level before teaching others.
Q: What is the significance of a black belt rank in the martial arts world?
A: In the martial arts world, a black belt rank symbolizes a high level of proficiency in martial arts techniques. It indicates that the practitioner has mastered the fundamental aspects of their style of karate and is ready to learn more advanced concepts.
Q: How do karate dojos differ from other martial arts schools?
A: Karate dojos specifically focus on teaching the art of karate, while other martial arts schools may offer a variety of martial arts styles. Dojos often emphasize traditional Japanese martial arts practices, including discipline and respect for instructors.
Q: What role does a shihan title play in the ranking system?
A: Shihan is not part of the belt ranking system, but a formal teaching title awarded to highly respected instructors, often at or beyond the level of 5th Dan. It is typically bestowed by a recognized organisation and signifies not just technical expertise, but a role in mentoring other instructors and preserving the standards and traditions of the art. Unlike a rank, it is not automatically earned — it reflects leadership, responsibility, and contribution to the karate community.
Q: How can I track my progress in my martial arts journey?
A: Tracking progress in your martial arts journey can be done through regular assessments by your instructor, participation in competitions, and setting personal goals. Many karate practitioners also keep a training journal to reflect on their improvements in techniques and skills over time.
Q: Are there different karate styles and how do they influence the ranking system?
A: Yes, there are many karate styles, each with its own techniques and philosophies. These styles often have their own distinct ranking systems, which can influence how practitioners progress through their ranks in karate dojos.
Q: What is the importance of the belt system in karate?
A: The belt system in karate serves as a visual representation of a student’s progress and level of proficiency. Each belt color represents a different rank in karate, motivating practitioners to continue their training and strive for higher levels of skill.
Great article Mike.
Very informative and well explained.
Thanks